The L.A.W. of the Empire of Morocco
The Glossary serves as a comprehensive guide, providing links to every item within this book. It is designed to assist students in completing assignments more efficiently and in a more organized manner, especially when multitasking.
Mission Statement
The purpose of this Dictionary is to connect the historical timeline of the Moroccan Empire to the present day, in conjunction with the AMPAC Study Sessions. Inside, you will find a wealth of information, including:
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Moroccan History: A detailed account of the Moroccan Empire's past.
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Treaties: Important treaties that have shaped the Empire.
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Key Definitions: Essential terms defined for better understanding.
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Maps: Detailed maps of all Moroccan territories.
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Foreign Moroccan Countries or States: Information on foreign states within the Moroccan Empire.
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Internal Moroccan States' Declarations of Independence: Key declarations from internal states.
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Constitutions: Constitutions of all jurisdictions within the Empire of Morocco.
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Laws: Internal and external laws governing Moroccan states and foreign jurisdictions within the Empire.
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AMPAC Study Sessions: Documents and definitions discussed in AMPAC Study Sessions.
Continuous Updates
The L.A.W. of the Empire of Morocco will be continuously updated to ensure that the information remains current and accurate.
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A Complete History of the United States of America
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AMPAC Study Session (181) Study BoardHappy Born Day Brother Noble Drew Ali & Brother Martin Luther King Jr. - The Empire of Morocco gives honors to you for seeing beyond the choices that are people have learned to accept as a poor substitute for Decolonization Reforms. - Happy Birthday to our Freedom Fighters, who were descendants of naturalized Moorish subjects of the Empire of Morocco, in accordance with Article 15, paragraphs 1 & 2 of the Madrid Convention of July 3, 1880. - - "Before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we were here. Before the pen of Jefferson etched across the pages of history the majestic words of the Declaration of Independence, we were here.” - -Martin Luther King April 3, 1963 - - “…After the Emancipation Proclamation… One hundred years later, the negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.” - -Martin Luther King August 28, 1963 - - The Negros, Blacks, Coloreds, African-Americans, Moorish-Americans, Black-Indians, Moorish subjects, Hebrew Israelites, & Puerto Ricans etc., are in violation of the treaty obligations of Article 15, paragraph 1 of the Madrid Convention of 1880. The Moroccans commonly known as the “Moors” have delayed their own Justice by remaining [naturalized] due to procrastination, miseducation, consent, or acquiescence. - - Morocco. - Mr. Philip, charge d'affaires, to Mr. Root, Secretary of State, August 3, 1906. - American Legation, Tangier, August 3, 1906. - Sir: There are, strictly speaking, no Moroccan laws relating to citizenship of Moorish subjects in Morocco. The fundamental Taws of this non-Christian country are based entirely upon the Islamitic code, no part of which treats of the subject of citizenship. - - There are, however, numerous treaties and conventions between the various Christian countries and the Moorish Empire, by means of which citizenship in this country is defined; but, as I understand, from the above-acknowledged instructions, that it is not the desire of the Department to call for a report upon such lines, I will therefore confine these remarks to general conditions existing, which may possibly be of some use in connection with the information desired. - (1) Citizenship in Morocco may be said to be governed by the laws pertaining to the same in other countries, with the exception that all persons residing in Morocco who. can not prove foreign citizenship or protection are considered ipso jure as Moorish subjects. - (2 and 3) Moorish subjects lost their nationality only by becoming naturalized in, or protected by, another country having treaty relations with the Moorish Empire. It was established by the Convention of Madrid, concluded July 3, 1880, as follows: - - Article XV. - Any subject of Morocco who lias been naturalized in a foreign country, and who shall return to Morocco, shall, after having remained for a length of time equal to that which shall have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization, choose between entire submission to the laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless it shall be proved that his naturalization in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the Government of Morocco. - Foreign naturalization heretofore acquired by subjects of Morocco according to the rules established by the laws of each country, shall be continued to hetm as regards all its effects without any restriction. - - The above ruling has never yet been acted upon, and should this at any time be contemplated seriously, a large number of naturalized people, American and others, residing in Morocco, would be affected thereby. - - (4 and 5) Residence in foreign parts does not affect the nationality of Moorish subjects, and the Moorish Government has no means of protecting its subjects permanently residing in other countries, with the exception of a so-called Moorish consul at Gibraltar and a Moorish agent at Cairo, Egypt. I am, etc., Hoffman Philip. - - “No one can see beyond, a choice they don’t understand.” - -The Oracle (Matrix) - - - -
- 1650s, "cooperation," in a specialized theological sense (now obsolete; see synergist), from Modern Latin synergia, from Greek synergia "joint work, a working together, cooperation; assistance, help," sometimes in a bad sense, "conspiracy." This is from synergos "working together, joining or helping in work," which is related to synergein "work together, help another in work; of the same trade as another," from syn- "together" (see syn-) + ergon "work" (reconstructed in Watkins to be from PIE root *werg- "to do"). CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNITED STATES, EXPATRIATION, AND PROTECTION ABROAD
how did the oracle out smart agent smith VIDEO:
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AMPAC Study Session (183) Study BoardThe Weaponization and the C0-Conspiracy of the IRS, FBI, & Colleges through the 501© (3) Corporation Tax Exemptions, have caused harm to the black-a-moors because it caused the HBCU’s leaders to ignore Nationality in exchange for Prosperity. Ca$h made Colleges Sellout!
Freedom Fighters, who were descendants of naturalized Moorish subjects of the Empire of Morocco, in accordance with Article 15, Sec. 1 & 2 of the Madrid Convention of July 3, 1880.
Psychological Impact
Cognitive Dissonance In Psychology: Definition and Examples
501(c)(3) organization - Wikipedia
COLOR: An appearance, semblance, or simulacrum, as distinguished from that which is real. A prima facie or apparent right. Hence, a deceptive appearance; a plausible assumed exterior, concealing a lack of reality; a disguise or pretext. Black's Law Dictionary 4th Edition.
https://www.aau.edu/key-issues/tax-exempt-status-universities-and-colleges Charitable The "C" in 501(c)(3) stands for "charitable." This designation indicates that the organization is approved by the IRS as a tax-exempt charitable organization which means it is organized and operated exclusively for charitable purposes, such as religious, educational, scientific, literary, or other public activities. | |
AMPAC Study Session (185) Study BoardAMPAC Study Session 185 Study Board
On July 25, 2025, the I.C.J. Advisory Opinion declared that “In the view of the court, once a State is established, the disappearance of one of its constituent elements would not necessarily entail the loss of its statehood.” (see ICJ response to the United Nations General Assembly regarding obligation of States in respect of climate change: *Sea Law) 1. Expressed Narrow language - Sea Law 2. Implied General Language – Land Law 3. A submerged or Emerged State
Roomfor ‘State continuity’ in international law? A constitutionalist perspective (Ineta Ziemele)
Overview of reasons for scepticism over a distinction between State continuity and State succession
Professor Crawford has argued that international law: embodies a fundamental distinction between State continuity and State succession: that is to say, between cases where the ‘same’ State can be said to continue to exist despite sometimes drastic changes in its government, its territory or its people and cases where one State has replaced another with respect to a certain territory and people. The law of State succession is predicated on this distinction.
State Continuity in the Absence of Government: The Underlying Rationale in International Law (Yejoon Rim*)
Abstract The traditional criteria for statehood assume that a state must have a government that enables state effectiveness. In the absence of a separate criterion for state continuity, the ‘con stitutive elements’ for state creation have been regarded as also ‘continuative elements’ that preserve a state from extinction. However, practice has shown that a state can continue to exist even in the absence of government, which implies that simple assumptions on state continuity, paralleling rationale developed in the discourse of state creation, are inadequate as an explanatory framework for the situation and should thus be reconsidered. To this end, the article examines the underlying rationale for state continuity in the absence of a government, drawing a distinction between constitutive and continuative elements of statehood. Further, it suggests reframing the element of government as an entitlement belonging to the people and apprehending the state as a legally framed concept that cannot be simply determined by its effectiveness. In so doing, the article explores the role of international law in supporting the legal continuity of the state beyond effectiveness.
1 Introduction According to Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, "[t]he state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states." The Montevideo Convention is generally a starting point for discussing statehood as ‘a textual representation of the traditional criteria [for statehood] recognized by customary international law’. The elements detailed in the Montevideo Convention are regarded as, prima facie, constituting the ‘formal’ definition of the state in international law, and this stance has remained unchanged, notwithstanding the fact that the composition of states in the international community has radically changed since its articulation in 1933. Although the fourth element has been criticized for not being unique to states, but, rather, a consequence of statehood, the first three elements articulated in the Montevideo Convention do indeed correspond to commonly accepted component elements constituting the definition of state since the 19th century. Thus, the concept of ‘state’ employed in international law is generally recognized to contain, and be constituted of, population, territory and government. Meanwhile, it is assumed that the essential feature of the concept of the state embodied in the Montevideo Convention is grounded in the notion of ‘effectiveness’. According to George Abi-Saab, the effectiveness of these elements is what integrates them into an operative whole and determines the state’s being taken into consideration by international law. The existence of these elements is considered a factual issue that is objectively discernible, reflecting the traditional understanding of statehood as essentially a question of ‘fact’ dependent upon effectiveness. Since the factual exercise of power over the population and the territory has been regarded as a prerequisite for the attribution of legal status of statehood, ‘government’ has been regarded as a central and indispensable element representing the effectiveness of statehood.
What happens, then, if one of the elements in the definition of statehood becomes entirely absent? Considering that component elements substantively construct the conceptual framework of the state applicable during its continued existence, later deficiency of the elements would logically result in the discontinuance of the existence of the state being defined as such. Traditional doctrine generally equates the elements required for the continuation of statehood with the constitutive elements required for an entity to obtain statehood and thus seeks to simplify the problem by affirming that a state becomes extinct with the disappearance of one of its constitutive elements. Thus, if the entire territory is submerged, the whole population emigrates or the state falls into protracted anarchy without even the shell of a government, it would be logical to assume that the state becomes extinct. In practice, however, and contrary to this seemingly logical conclusion, it has been witnessed that a state may in fact sustain its legal existence even for a prolonged period in the total absence of government, which is one of the constitutive elements of statehood and also one of the component elements in the concept of state in international law. It is well known that the Federal Republic of Somalia, although it fell into protracted anarchy without any authority claiming to be the government of the state, continued to exist during the period when it experienced a total absence of government in the 1990s and also in the subsequent transitional phase characterized by a lack of effectiveness. The case of Somalia indicates that the state can continue even in the complete absence of government for a decade. At the same time, it presents an inconsistency with the traditional understanding of the state as comprising three elements – territory, population and government – based on the principle of effectiveness under international law. Meanwhile, in so far as an internally effective government is often referred to as representing the effectiveness of statehood, the traditional perception embodied in the notion of ‘statehood as effectiveness’ is also challenged. Accordingly, state continuity in the absence of government prompts the questions of how this situation can be explained in international legal discourse and what it implies in terms of our understanding of statehood. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, 1978
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change Summary of the Advisory Opinion of 23 July 2025 Page 17. E. Obligations of States under the law of the sea and related issues (paras. 336-368) 2. Obligations of States in relation to sea level rise and related issues The Court also notes that several participants argued that sea level rise also poses a significant threat to the territorial integrity and thus to the very statehood of small island States. In the view of the Court, once a State is established, the disappearance of one of its constituent elements would not necessarily entail the loss of its statehood.
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties Done at Vienna on 23 August 1978 The States Parties to the present Convention, Considering the profound transformation of the international community brought about by the decolonization process,
Article 34 Succession of States in cases of separation of parts of a State 1.When a part or parts of the territory of a State separate to form one or more States, whether or not the predecessor State continues to exist: (a) any treaty in force at the date of the succession of States in respect of the entire territory of the predecessor State continues in force in respect of each successor State so formed; (b) any treaty in force at the date of the succession of States in respect only of that part of the territory of the predecessor State which has become a successor State continues in force in respect of that successor State alone.
2.Paragraph 1 does not apply if: (a) the States concerned otherwise agree; (b) or it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the successor State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.
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AMPAC Study Session 176 BoardStudy Session 176: Study Board 1. Decolonization of the Empire of Morocco Yields 2. Reparations in the Form of Taxation. There are 5 Forms of Reparations 1. Restitution: To re-establish the situation which existed prior 2. Compensation: Pay Damages 3. Satisfaction: Formal Apology 4. Interest: Penalty for Late Pay 5. Taxes: Residual Payments
1. REPARATION after Colonization 2. (reh-puh-ray-shn) 3. RE-PA-RA-TION 4. RE-PAR-NATION 5. REPAIR-A-NATION 6. How do you repair a nation? 7. Reparation, Restitution, Compensation, Satisfaction, and Interest via Decolonization: • Decolonization Yields Reparation & Taxation • One time Compensation of Reparations • Residual Lifetime Annual Taxation
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001 Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts PART ONE THE INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACT OF A STATE CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES Article l Responsibility of a State for its internationally wrongful acts Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State. Article 2 Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission: (a) is attributable to the State under international law; and (b) constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State.
Article 3 Characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful The characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful is governed by international law. Such characterization is not affected by the characterization of the same act as lawful by internal law.
CHAPTER II ATTRIBUTION OF CONDUCT TO A STATE Article 4 Conduct of organs of a State 1. The conduct of any State organ shall be considered an act of that State under international law, whether the organ exercises legislative, executive, judicial or any other functions, whatever position it holds in the organization of the State, and whatever its character as an organ of the central Government or of a territorial unit of the State. 2. An organ includes any person or entity which has that status in accordance with the internal law of the State.
PART TWO CONTENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A STATE CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES Article 28 Legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act The international responsibility of a State which is entailed by an internationally wrongful act in accordance with the provisions of part one involves legal consequences as set out in this part.
Article 29 Continued duty of performance The legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act under this part do not affect the continued duty of the responsible State to perform the obligation breached.
Article 30 Cessation and non-repetition The State responsible for the internationally wrongful act is under an obligation: (a) to cease that act, if it is continuing; (b) to offer appropriate assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, if circumstances so require.
Article 31 Reparation 1. The responsible State is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act. 2. Injury includes any damage, whether material or moral, caused by the internationally wrongful act of a State.
Article 32 Irrelevance of internal law The responsible State may not rely on the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to comply with its obligations under this part.
Article 33 Scope of international obligations set out in this part 1. The obligations of the responsible State set out in this part may be owed to another State, to several States, or to the international community as a whole, depending in particular on the character and content of the international obligation and on the circumstances of the breach. 2. This part is without prejudice to any right, arising from the international responsibility of a State, which may accrue directly to any person or entity other than a State.
CHAPTER II REPARATION FOR INJURY Article 34 Forms of reparation Full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act shall take the form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either singly or in combination, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.
Article 35 Restitution A State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to make restitution, that is, to re-establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed, provided and to the extent that restitution: (a) is not materially impossible; (b) does not involve a burden out of all proportion to the benefit deriving from restitution instead of compensation.
Article 36 Compensation 1. The State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to compensate for the damage caused thereby, insofar as such damage is not made good by restitution. 2. The compensation shall cover any financially assessable damage including loss of profits insofar as it is established.
Article 37 Satisfaction 1. The State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to give satisfaction for the injury caused by that act insofar as it cannot be made good by restitution or compensation. 2. Satisfaction may consist in an acknowledgement of the breach, an expression of regret, a formal apology or another appropriate modality. 3. Satisfaction shall not be out of proportion to the injury and may not take a form humiliating to the responsible State.
Article 38 Interest 1. Interest on any principal sum due under this chapter shall be payable when necessary in order to ensure full reparation. The interest rate and mode of calculation shall be set so as to achieve that result. 2. Interest runs from the date when the principal sum should have been paid until the date the obligation to pay is fulfilled.
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001 1. The Responsible State: United States of America (USA) 2. Organ of the USA: United States Federal Corporation 3. Organ of the USA: State of Texas 4. Organ of the USA: City of Houston 5. Organ of the USA: County of Harris 6. Organ of the USA: Woodlands Township 7. Organ of the USA: executive, legislative, and judicial officials (i.e., all elected, appointed officials, & employees)
CHAPTER XI DECLARATION REGARDING NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES Article 73 Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the ut most, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end: a. to ensure, with due respect for the cul ture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advance ment, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses; b. to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying i stages of advancement;
Act of Algeciras of 1906 ART. 65. The conference adheres to the proposition proposed by the Moorish delegation to create with the assistance of the Diplomatic Body: (a) A stamp tax on contracts and notarial acts brought before "abdouls" (b) A maximum transfer tax of 2 percent on sales of real estate.
Signatory Powers of Third States parties to the multilateral Act of Algeciras of 1906 per intertemporal Law
1. United States of America 2. France 3. Great Britain 4. Germany 5. Netherlands 6. Belgium 7. All the Russia’s (15 States) 8. Austria-Hungary 9. Sweden 10. Italy 11. Portugal 12. Spain General Act of Algeciras - Wikisource, the free online library
In 2024, there were approximately 4 million existing home transactions and about 683,000 new homes sold in the United States.
Median Selling Price of Existing Homes. The median price of existing homes in the United States is curently $415,200, reflecting a 2.1% increase from the previous year.
The multilateral Act of Algeciras of 1906, Article 65, Section (b) expressed and implied treaty language as follows: • 4,000,000 transactions of “existing home” sales in 2024. • The average home sold was $415,200 in the United States. • $415,200 x 2% = $8,304 (owed to the Empire of Morocco) • $415,200 x 4,000,000 = $1,660,800,000,000 (1.7 Trillion) • 2% x $1,660,800,000,000 = $33,216,000,000 (33.2 Billion) • $33,216,000,000 (Payable to the EOM in Taxes Annually) • Existing Home Real Estate Sales = $33.2 (Billion Annually) • New Home Real Estate Sales = $? (Annually) • Commercial Bldg. Real Estate Sales = $?? (Annually) • Land Real Estate Sales = $??? (Annually)
Thumbnail is attached as a PDF. Please name Class 176 Decolonization, Reparations, & Taxation in the Empire of Morocco 1. | |
AMPAC Study Session 177: Study Board
Common Sense Mathematical Equation: X x Y = Z 2 x 2 = 4 Procrastination x Naturalization = Subjugation Repatriation x a nation = Decolonization Restoration x Administration = Taxation Territory x Inventory = Depository Cognitive Dissonance x Foolishness = Acquiescence i.e., Stop Blaming White People
RIGHT OF PROTECTION IN MOROCCO-JULY 3, 1880 ART. 15 Any subject of Morocco who has been naturalized in a foreign country, and who shall return to Morocco, shall after having remained for a length of time equal to that which shall have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization, choose between entire submission to the laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless it shall be proved that his naturalization in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the Government of Morocco.
Inspired by the interest attaching itself to the reign of order, peace, and prosperity in Morocco, and recognizing that the attainment thereof can only be effected by means of the introduction of reforms based upon the triple principle of the sovereignty and independence of His Majesty the Sultan, the integrity of his domains, and economic liberty without any inequality, have resolved, upon the invitation of His Shereefian Majesty, to call together a conference at Algeciras for the purpose of arriving at an understanding upon the said reforms, as well as examining the means for obtaining the resources necessary for their application, and have appointed as their delegates plenipotentiary the following:
STATE, n. A people permanently occupying a fixed territory bound together by common-law habits and custom into one body politic exercising, through the medium of an organized government, independent sovereignty and control over all persons and things within its boundaries, capable of making war and peace and of entering into international relations with other communities of the globe.
Western Sahara OVERVIEW OF THE CASE On 13 December 1974, the General Assembly requested an advisory opinion on the following questions : “I. Was Western Sahara (Rio de Oro and Sakiet El Hamra) at the time of colonization by Spain a territory belonging to no one (terra nullius) ?” If the answer to the first question is in the negative, “II. What were the legal ties between this territory and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity ?” In its Advisory Opinion, delivered on 16 October 1975, the Court replied to Question I in the negative. In reply to Question II, it expressed the opinion that the materials and information presented to it showed the existence, at the time of Spanish colonization, of legal ties of allegiance between the Sultan of Morocco and some of the tribes living in the territory of Western Sahara. They equally showed the existence of rights, including some rights relating to the land, which constituted legal ties between the Mauritanian entity, as understood by the Court, and the territory of Western Sahara. On the other hand, the Court’s conclusion was that the materials and information presented to it did not establish any tie of territorial sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian entity. Thus the Court did not find any legal ties of such a nature as might affect the application of the General Assembly’s 1960 resolution 1514 (XV) — containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples — in the decolonization of Western Sahara and, in particular, of the principle of self-determination through the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the territory.
territory ter·ri·to·ry ˈter-ə-ˌtȯr-ē pluralterritories 1 a : a geographic area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority b : an administrative subdivision of a country c : a part of the U.S. not included within any state but organized with a separate legislature d : a geographic area (such as a colonial possession) dependent on an external government but having some degree of autonomy SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE DE CASTRO I have voted in favour of the Advisory Opinion because it states that there are no ties of sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity, and that the principle of self-determination should be applied to the said territory, thereby giving a correct, clear and conclusive reply to the real questions put to the Court. On the other hand, I cannot go along with the Advisory Opinion either in its statement regarding the existence of other legal ties between the territory and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity, nor in all its reasoning. In order to justify my vote, I feel obliged to set out my separate opinion below.
(a) Unbroken Relations between Morocco and the Sahara
The statements submitted to the Court by Morocco mention, as relevant historic ties, immemorial relations existing between Morocco and the Sahara, as well as a series of special facts cited as proofs of Morocco's authority over Western Sahara. The following quotation in the second part of the written statement of Morocco is italicized to indicate the importance attached to it: "this basic fact of Moroccan history, the periodic conquest of inner Morocco by outer Morocco . . . In most cases a dynasty that has come into being beyond the Atlas has conquered Atlantic Morocco. " The passage quoted is used equivocally; it seems to have been interpreted as meaning that there are two Moroccos, inner Morocco and outer Morocco, and that outer Morocco is the Sahara.
New Caledonia[nb 3] is a French territory comprising a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 220 km (140 mi) southwest of Vanuatu and 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia.[6] Located 16,100 km (10,000 mi) from Metropolitan France, it forms a sui generis collectivity of the French Republic, a legal status unique in overseas France, enshrined in a dedicated chapter of the French Constitution and with an on-going project to a status of State of New Caledonia. | |
AMPAC Study Session 178 Study BoardAMPAC STUDY SESSION 178 STUDY BOARD The inner Empire of Morocco and the outer Empire of Morocco must Self-Govern through its three branches of the Constitution of the Empire and adhere to the “general practice” of customary international Law pursuant to the Triple principle of the Act of Algeciras of 1906, the Madrid Convention of 1880 – Article 15, and the U.N. Charter Articles 73 and 74 at Varying stages of advancement or the Moors will forever be colonized and Naturalized by foreign countries in Morocco. country in northwest Africa, from Italian, from Berber Marrakesh (properly the name of the city of Marrakesh), from Arabic Maghrib-al-Aqsa "Extreme West." Compare French Maroc, German Marokko. In English, the first vowel has been altered, apparently by influence of Moor. Related: Moroccan.
Negro(n.) Meaning "African-American vernacular, the English language as spoken by U.S. blacks" is from 1704. French nègre is a 16c. borrowing from Spanish negro. Older English words were Moor and blackamoor. A Middle English word for "Ethiopian" (perhaps also "a negro" generally) was blewman "blue man." What are the 4 basic elements of a contract? 1. Who are the parties to the contract? 2. Who is superior and who is inferior in the contract? 3. What are the terms and conditions of the contract? 4. How do you enforce the contract?
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship, [28 June 1786] is the longest unbroken treaty relationship in U.S. history. The treaty's unbroken status highlights several key facts:
The term "unbroken" is significant because the United States has a complex history with treaties, particularly those with Native American nations. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, hundreds of treaties with Indigenous tribes were routinely broken by the U.S. government through seizure of land, forced removal, and failure to uphold agreed terms. This history of broken promises led to the "Trail of Broken Treaties" protest in 1972. In this context, the Moroccan treaty's endurance stands as a notable exception. Key Provisions of the 1786-1787 Treaty
The treaty is unique not only for its longevity but also because Morocco was one of the very first nations to recognize the newly independent United States in 1777, well before the treaty was even negotiated. U.S. presidents, from George Washington to Ronald Reagan, have publicly acknowledged and celebrated this special diplomatic bond. I hope this explanation is helpful. If you are interested in learning more about the specific historical context of the treaty's negotiation or its modern implications, I can provide further details. In the context of Intertemporal international law continuous treaty relations refers to an on going legal relationship under a treaty where its meaning and obligations where its meaning and obligations are subject to legal evolution over time. This concept is directly tied to a key legal principle that distinguishes between the creation of a right and its ongoing existence. The Core Legal Principle This idea is famously articulated in the 1928 Island of Pamas case which established a foundational rule in international law. 1. The “First Branch” (Creation): A treaty must be interpreted according to the law that was in forced at the time it was concluded. You judge the original act by the historical rule. 2. The “Second Branch” (Continuation): However, the continued existence and exercise of a right created by that treaty must follow the conditions required by the evolution of law over time. In similar terms, while a treaty is born under the law of its time, it lives and operates in a changing legal world. Its application can evolve. How do continuous treaty relations adapt: The treaty itself remains in force but how it is interpreted and implemented can adapt through recognized mechanisms. Mechanisms: subsequent practice, build a description, the actual consistent behavioral of the treaty party’s in applying it Roles in continuing relations that can establish an authentic agreement on how to interpret the treaty in modern context.
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Article 38 1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. Evolving Customary International Law: New rules of customary law that developed and are accepted by the international community can fill gaps in the treaty on how its general terms are understood today. A related modern concept is the living instrument doctrine which holds that some treaty’s like human rights or environmental conventions are designed to be interpreted in light of present-day conditions and values making it there continuous relations inherently dynamic. Applying the concept to U.S – Moroccan Treaty When the U.S says its 1787 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Morocco is “unbroken” it is stating a historical fact of continuity- neither party has terminated it. Intertemporal law adds that legal dimension of evolution to this continuing for example the treaty’s core obligation of the Peace and Friendship remains binding, however specific applications like what constitutes legal trade, navigations rights, or dispute resolution are understood and implemented according to the modern framework of international law and diplomacy not Soley by 18th century standards. In short continuous treaty relations means the legal bond persists but is practical life is governed by an evolving legal order the treaty’s skeleton is old but its living tissue is contemporary.
Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States December 26, 1933
ARTICLE 1 The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.
Question: Have the Moors (i.e. the Moorish subjects) been in the “general practice” of international norms regarding the observation and application of customary relations between Sovereign States or colonial administrative Powers between the years 1956 to 2023?
Answer: No. The Empire of Morocco as a colonized sovereign and independent State, the Moroccan people, and its Moroccan government was not in conformity with the “general practice” of international law norms from 1956 to 2023; a total of 67 years, which prohibited the naturalized [Moorish subjects] from being able to invoke their human rights, State rights, treaty rights, and consular relations or diplomatic relations as Moroccan nationals - because the naturalized [Moorish subjects] failed to recognize the application of the treaty obligations of Madrid, Article 15, the mechanisms of Article 73 of the UN Charter – and the practice of self governance through the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Moorish State Government of the Empire of Morocco. However, from 2024 to Present day - the Declaration of Independence and the reconvening of the Moroccan Moorish Government of the Empire of Morocco have set into motion the “general practice” of customary norms as recognized by our varying stages of advancement of decolonization under Article 15 of the Madrid Convention, the EOM Constitution, Article 73 of the UN Charter, and UN Resolution 1514 etc.
For example, see the “general practice” of norms per the Treaty of Montevideo 1933:
ARTICLE 1 The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) State, (b) a permanent population, (c) a defined territory, (d) government, and (e) capacity to enter into relations with the other States.
ARTICLE 1 – Treaty of Montevideo 1933 The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) State (emergence of the Empire of Morocco as the sovereign and independent State), (b) a permanent population (Moroccan nationals who pledged allegiance to the EOM Constitution), (c) a defined territory (inner and outer Empire of Morocco: e.g. see France unique Republic), (d) government (Moorish 3 branches of Moroccan Government & the Consular Court), (e) capacity to enter into relations with the other States (Diplomatic & Consular relations). Act of Algeciras of 1906 Inspired by the interest attaching itself to the reign of order, peace, and prosperity in Morocco, and recognizing that the attainment thereof can only be effected by means of the introduction of reforms based upon the triple principle of the sovereignty and independence of His Majesty the Sultan, the integrity of his domains, and economic liberty without any inequality, have resolved, upon the invitation of His Shereefian Majesty,to call together a conference at Algeciras for the purpose of arriving at an understanding upon the said reforms, as well as examining the means for obtaining the resources necessary for their application, and have appointed as their delegates plenipotentiary the following:
Declaration relative to the organization of the police.
ART. 2. The police shall be under the sovereign authority of His Majesty the Sultan. It shall be recruited by the Maghzen from Moorish Mohammedans, commanded by Moorish Kaids, and distributed in the eight ports open to commerce.
in the international court of justice case of the Western Sahara of 1975, what did the Kingdom of Morocco mean by the term "time immemorial"
In the 1975 International Court of Justice (ICJ) proceedings concerning Western Sahara, Morocco used the term "time immemorial" to assert that its sovereignty over the territory was continuous, ancient, and predating modern colonialism. This claim was central to its argument against Spain's colonization.
The Core of Morocco's Argument In its legal submission, Morocco asked the ICJ to confirm that Western Sahara was terra nullius (land belonging to no one) at the time of Spanish colonization in 1884. Instead, it argued that the territory was under Moroccan sovereignty and had "always" been linked to the Kingdom through historical ties of allegiance between the Sultan and the Saharan tribes.
The ICJ's Advisory Opinion and Its Findings The Court's ruling, delivered on October 16, 1975, did not accept Morocco's core claim.
The Phrase in Contemporary Diplomacy Despite the ICJ's findings, Moroccan officials continue to use the phrase "since time immemorial" in diplomatic discourse to reinforce the historical legitimacy of their claim. This usage is part of a broader narrative of territorial integrity and pre-colonial nationhood.
In essence, Morocco used "time immemorial" to argue for ancient and uninterrupted sovereignty based on tribal allegiances. The ICJ recognized those historical links but distinguished them from territorial sovereignty, which it found did not exist. The disconnect between this historical argument and the requirements of international law is at the heart of the ongoing dispute. RIGHT OF PROTECTION IN MOROCCO-JULY 3, 1880 ART. 15 Any subject of Morocco who has been naturalized in a foreign country, and who shall return to Morocco, shall after having remained for a length of time equal to that which shall have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization, choose between entire submission to the laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless it shall be proved that his naturalization in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the Government of Morocco.
Foreign naturalization heretofore acquired by subjects of Morocco according to the rules established by the laws of each country, shall be continued to them as regards all its effects, without any restriction. | ||||||||||||||||
AMPAC Study Session 179: Study BoardAMPAC Study Session 179: Study Board The Bled Siba was in the power of local chiefs or sheikhs, either fighting or allied among themselves, so that relations with the Makhzen were always liable to change according to whether the Sultan's forces were approaching or whether he needed aid in his internal quarrels. The zone of the Souss was in that irregular condition, which was still further complicated by the fact that the almost independent principalities more or less eluded the Sultan's independent authority. The cartographers knew the coastal zone well, but had to take its variations into account. That explains why in the maps of Morocco, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, Morocco's frontier is placed at Cape Noun, to the south of the Noun, to the north of Cape Noun, on the Messa river, at Cape Agulon, at Cape Juby and on the Wad Dra'a, bounded by the region of the independent Moors and by the Kingdom or State of Sidi Hisham and the Wad Noun. On the subject of those principalities, we are told that "Tazeroualt corresponds to the State of Sidi Hisham; . . . [it] includes the township of Iligh and the tomb (Kouba) of Sidi Ahmad-ou-Moussa" (H. de Castries, "Notice sur la région de l'oued Draa", Bulletin de la société de géographie, 1880, Vol. XX, p. 500). The country of the Wad Noun (to the south of Tazeroualt) is also called, after the name of the founder of the dynasty, the State of Abid-Allah-Ou-Salem; the representatives thereof in 1880 were the Beyrouk brothers. "Tazeroualt and the Wad Noun in reality never came under Morocco. However, according to the author of Roud-el-Kartas, the Almohad sovereign Abdel Moumen (1 159) extended his authority over that land." (Castries, op. cit., p. 501 .) It is also to be noted that towards 1765 the greater part of the Tekna confederation, which was established at the mouth of the Dra'a, freed itself of Moroccan control'. The Moroccan Tekna are not to be confused with the free Tekna of the Sahara 2. The political situation of the zone is still further complicated by the fact that the chiefs of the zone extended or claimed to have authority over the zone of Tarfaya. Thus Beyrouk made agreements with Mackenzie concerning the establishment of the trading-station at Cape Juby, as an independent authority, and he also tried to urge the European Powers to build a harbour in the region, against the interests and despite the opposition of the Sultan. Nevertheless there was a time, when the differences between the Beyrouks and the Moroccans came to an end, when Beyrouk received from the Sultan an appointment as caid; but, for that very reason, Beyrouk found his authority over the Tekna tribes disappearing (Trout, Morocco's Saharan Frontiers, Geneva, 1969, p. 151). The advance of the French armies changed everything (F. de la Chapelle, "Esquisse d'une histoire du Sahara occidental", Hespéris, XI, fascs. 1-2,1930, p. 90). But, as Miège said in his essay on Morocco, it is to the French forces that Morocco owes the pacification of the unsubjugated zones. "For the first time, the whole of the country came under the same central power. The immediate consequence was the development of a national self-awareness." (Miège, Le Maroc, Paris, 1950, p. 43.) This peculiarity of the Bled Siba affords the explanation and justification of the so-called shipwreck clause for the Souss region '. The origin may be found in the Treaty of Peace and Commerce between the Sultan of Morocco and the King of Spain of 28 May 1767. Later this became a customary clause in the Treaties between Morocco and European Powers. The fact is that the idea that sovereignty implied responsibility for unlawful acts of a sovereign's subjects was well known to Morocco. In order to affirm the concept of Morocco as sovereign in al1 regions claimed as belonging to it, Moulay Hassan decided, in order that doubt should not be thrown on his authority over those territories, to entertain the requests for indemnity submitted to him, thus exacerbating, as Miège observes, the bleeding of the Moroccan Treasury (Le Maroc et l'Europe, III, p. 357; IV, p. 417). A further consequence of this curious situation of the Bled Siba is that the Moroccan authorities were unable to pinpoint the southern frontier of the Moroccan Empire. The repeated enquiries of European Powers as to the boundaries of Morocco received no precise reply. At best, the old aspirations to empire were invoked (Miège, op. cit., III, pp. 305-306). Sultan El-Hassan Ben Muhammad was to reply to the pressing Spanish enquiries that the frontiers of the territory over which his sovereignty was exercised were: "Egypt on one side, the Soudan on another, and Maghnia on the other" (documents submitted by the Kingdom of Morocco, Nos. 9A, 11 and 12). in·dem·nity noun verb noun State continuity refers to the legal principle that a state retains its identity and obligations under international law despite changes in its government, territory, or population. Key Aspects of State Continuity State succession refers to the replacement of one state by another in the responsibility for the international relations of a territory, often occurring during events like decolonization, dissolution, or unification. Types of State Succession
Deepseek Did the Kingdom of Morocco deposit its Accessions to the bilateral treaty of Peace and Friendship with the United States of America with the United Nations Secretariate in 1956 or 1957? According to the available information, there is **no record of Morocco depositing the 1786 Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the UN in 1956 or 1957**. The search results do not mention a formal UN deposit for this specific treaty, which is consistent with the fact that the agreement predates the UN's creation by over 150 years. ### 📜 Timeline of Treaty Status (1956) This U.S. action was a major adjustment of the treaty relationship following Morocco's independence, effectively terminating certain outdated, non-reciprocal provisions. Deepseek Did the Kingdom of Morocco deposit its Accessions to the multilateral Act of Algeciras with the United Nations Secretariate in 1956 or 1957? Based on the available historical records, there is **no evidence** that the Kingdom of Morocco formally deposited "accessions" to the Act of Algeciras with the United Nations Secretariat in 1956 or 1957 upon regaining independence. The search results do not contain any specific record or mention of such a deposit. The historical circumstances and actions taken by other nations suggest Morocco likely viewed the treaty's core functions as obsolete upon independence. ### 📜 The Status of the Act of Algeciras After Independence Instead of "re-accessing" the old treaty, the newly independent Kingdom of Morocco and other signatory states focused on **terminating its most significant provisions**, effectively dismantling the colonial-era framework. The key developments are summarized below: | Date | Event | Key Action Regarding the Act of Algeciras | image.png
room_for_state_continuity_in_international_law_a_constitutionalist_perspective.pdf | |
AMPAC Study Session 180 Study BoardAMPAC Study Session (180) Study Board
The emergence of the sovereign and independent State of the Empire of Morocco via Decolonization reforms is directly tied to the Moors legal arguments regarding the specific legal personality of States, as follows: 1. Continuity State 2. Predecessor State 3. Successor State 4. Succession State 5. Newly independent State 6. Extinct State 7. Moorish Science Temple of America 8. Church 9. Tribe
Overview of reasons for scepticism over a distinction between State continuity and State succession
What are the 4 basic elements of a contract? 1. Who are the parties to the contract? 2. Who is superior and who is inferior in the contract? 3. What are the terms and conditions of the contract? 4. How do you enforce the contract?
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties Done at Vienna on 23 August 1978
The States Parties to the present Convention,
Considering the profound transformation of the international community brought about by the decolonization process, Considering also that other factors may lead to cases of succession of States in the future, Convinced, in these circumstances, of the need for the codification and progressive development of the rules relating to succession of States in respect of treaties as a means for ensuring greater juridical security in international relations, Noting that the principles of free consent, good faith and pacta sunt servanda are universally recognized, Emphasizing that the consistent observance of general multilateral treaties which deal with the codification and progressive development of international law and those the object and purpose of which are of interest to the international community as a whole is of special importance for the strengthening of peace and international cooperation, Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and self-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all States, of non-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force, and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, Recalling that respect for the territorial integrity and political independence of any State is required by the Charter of the United Nations, Bearing in mind the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969, Bearing also in mind article 73 of that Convention, Affirming that questions of the law of treaties other than those that may arise from a succession of States are governed by the relevant rules of international law, including those rules of customary international law which are embodied in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969,
Affirming that the rules of customary international law will continue to govern questions not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention, Have agreed as follows:
PART I. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article l Scope of the present Convention The present Convention applies to the effects of a succession of States in respect of treaties between States. Article 2 Use of terms 1.For the purposes of the present Convention: (a) “treaty” means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments, and whatever its particular designation; (b) “succession of States” means the replacement of one State by another in the responsibility for the international relations of territory; (c) “predecessor State” means the State which has been replaced by another State on the occurrence of a succession of States; (d) “successor State” means the State which has replaced another State on the occurrence of a succession of States; (e) “date of the succession of States” means the date upon which the successor State replaced the predecessor State in the responsibility for the international relations of the territory to which the succession of States relates, (f) “newly independent State” means a successor State the territory of which immediately before the date of the succession of States was a dependent territory for the international relations of which the predecessor State was responsible; (g) “notification of succession” means in relation to a multilateral treaty any notification, however phrased or named, made by a successor State expressing its consent to be considered as bound by the treaty;
(i) “ratification”, “acceptance” and “approval” mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty, (j) “reservation” means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty or when making a notification of succession to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State; (k) “contracting State” means a State which has consented to be bound by the treaty, whether or not the treaty has entered into force; (1) force; “party” means a State which has consented to be bound by the treaty and for which the treaty is in (m) “other State party” means in relation to a successor State any party, other than the predecessor State, to a treaty in force at the date of a succession of States in respect of the territory to which that succession of States relates;
2.The provisions of paragraph 1 regarding the use of terms in the present Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms or to the meanings which may be given to them in the internal law of any State.
State continuity refers to the legal principle that a state retains its identity and obligations under international law despite changes in its government, territory, or population. Definition and Importance
Kingdom of Morocco's Constitution of 2011 Article 42 The King Head of State, His Supreme Representative, Symbol of the unity of the Nation, Guarantor of the permanence and of the continuity of the State and Supreme Arbiter between the institutions, sees to respect for the Constitution, to the good functioning of the constitutional institutions, to the protection of democratic choice and of the rights and freedoms of the citizens [feminine] and citizens [masculine], of the collectivities, and to respect for the international commitments of the Kingdom. He is the Guarantor of the Independence of the country and of the territorial integrity of the Kingdom within its authentic frontiers.
Former Moroccan Diplomat And Two Others Charged In White Plains Federal Court With Visa Fraud Conspiracy Geoffrey S. Berman, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, and Todd J. Brown, Director of the U.S. Department of State’s Diplomatic Security Service (“DSS”), announced today that former Ambassador from the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Morocco to the United Nations (the “Moroccan Mission”) ABDESLAM JAIDI (“JAIDI”), his now ex-wife, MARIA LUISA ESTRELLA JAIDI (“ESTRELLA”), and ESTRELLA’s brother, RAMON SINGSON ESTRELLA (“SINGSON”) were charged in White Plains federal court with conspiring to defraud the United States, to make materially false statements, to commit visa fraud, and to induce aliens to illegally enter, come to, and remain in the United States. The charges stem from a scheme to bring domestic workers into the United States under fraudulently obtained diplomatic visas, only to then be exploited by JAIDI and ESTRELLA once they arrived. On March 13, 2019, ESTRELLA was arrested on a complaint and presented in White Plains federal court. Both JAIDI and SINGSON remain at large. U.S. Attorney Geoffrey S. Berman stated: “Today’s charges underscore that no one is above the law. The conspiracy alleged to have occurred here was intentionally designed to circumvent important protections against exploitation for domestic workers brought to the United States. We will not tolerate this type of fraud on the United States or the exploitation of domestic workers – no matter the title or position of the alleged offender.”
DSS Director Todd J. Brown said: “We are committed to working with our law enforcement partners to prevent situations where vulnerable individuals are exploited for personal gain in schemes such as this. Because of our global presence, DSS is well positioned to work with U.S. and foreign law enforcement to stop those who would criminally manipulate instruments of international travel, such as passports and visas, to abuse the legal immigration system.” As alleged in the Indictment unsealed in White Plains federal court.
The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 | |