The L.A.W. of the Empire of Morocco
The Glossary serves as a comprehensive guide, providing links to every item within this book. It is designed to assist students in completing assignments more efficiently and in a more organized manner, especially when multitasking.
Mission Statement
The purpose of this Dictionary is to connect the historical timeline of the Moroccan Empire to the present day, in conjunction with the AMPAC Study Sessions. Inside, you will find a wealth of information, including:
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Moroccan History: A detailed account of the Moroccan Empire's past.
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Treaties: Important treaties that have shaped the Empire.
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Key Definitions: Essential terms defined for better understanding.
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Maps: Detailed maps of all Moroccan territories.
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Foreign Moroccan Countries or States: Information on foreign states within the Moroccan Empire.
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Internal Moroccan States' Declarations of Independence: Key declarations from internal states.
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Constitutions: Constitutions of all jurisdictions within the Empire of Morocco.
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Laws: Internal and external laws governing Moroccan states and foreign jurisdictions within the Empire.
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AMPAC Study Sessions: Documents and definitions discussed in AMPAC Study Sessions.
Continuous Updates
The L.A.W. of the Empire of Morocco will be continuously updated to ensure that the information remains current and accurate.
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A Complete History of the United States of America
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AMPAC Study Session 176 BoardStudy Session 176: Study Board 1. Decolonization of the Empire of Morocco Yields 2. Reparations in the Form of Taxation. There are 5 Forms of Reparations 1. Restitution: To re-establish the situation which existed prior 2. Compensation: Pay Damages 3. Satisfaction: Formal Apology 4. Interest: Penalty for Late Pay 5. Taxes: Residual Payments
1. REPARATION after Colonization 2. (reh-puh-ray-shn) 3. RE-PA-RA-TION 4. RE-PAR-NATION 5. REPAIR-A-NATION 6. How do you repair a nation? 7. Reparation, Restitution, Compensation, Satisfaction, and Interest via Decolonization: • Decolonization Yields Reparation & Taxation • One time Compensation of Reparations • Residual Lifetime Annual Taxation
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001 Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts PART ONE THE INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACT OF A STATE CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES Article l Responsibility of a State for its internationally wrongful acts Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State. Article 2 Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission: (a) is attributable to the State under international law; and (b) constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State.
Article 3 Characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful The characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful is governed by international law. Such characterization is not affected by the characterization of the same act as lawful by internal law.
CHAPTER II ATTRIBUTION OF CONDUCT TO A STATE Article 4 Conduct of organs of a State 1. The conduct of any State organ shall be considered an act of that State under international law, whether the organ exercises legislative, executive, judicial or any other functions, whatever position it holds in the organization of the State, and whatever its character as an organ of the central Government or of a territorial unit of the State. 2. An organ includes any person or entity which has that status in accordance with the internal law of the State.
PART TWO CONTENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A STATE CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES Article 28 Legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act The international responsibility of a State which is entailed by an internationally wrongful act in accordance with the provisions of part one involves legal consequences as set out in this part.
Article 29 Continued duty of performance The legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act under this part do not affect the continued duty of the responsible State to perform the obligation breached.
Article 30 Cessation and non-repetition The State responsible for the internationally wrongful act is under an obligation: (a) to cease that act, if it is continuing; (b) to offer appropriate assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, if circumstances so require.
Article 31 Reparation 1. The responsible State is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act. 2. Injury includes any damage, whether material or moral, caused by the internationally wrongful act of a State.
Article 32 Irrelevance of internal law The responsible State may not rely on the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to comply with its obligations under this part.
Article 33 Scope of international obligations set out in this part 1. The obligations of the responsible State set out in this part may be owed to another State, to several States, or to the international community as a whole, depending in particular on the character and content of the international obligation and on the circumstances of the breach. 2. This part is without prejudice to any right, arising from the international responsibility of a State, which may accrue directly to any person or entity other than a State.
CHAPTER II REPARATION FOR INJURY Article 34 Forms of reparation Full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act shall take the form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either singly or in combination, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.
Article 35 Restitution A State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to make restitution, that is, to re-establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed, provided and to the extent that restitution: (a) is not materially impossible; (b) does not involve a burden out of all proportion to the benefit deriving from restitution instead of compensation.
Article 36 Compensation 1. The State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to compensate for the damage caused thereby, insofar as such damage is not made good by restitution. 2. The compensation shall cover any financially assessable damage including loss of profits insofar as it is established.
Article 37 Satisfaction 1. The State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to give satisfaction for the injury caused by that act insofar as it cannot be made good by restitution or compensation. 2. Satisfaction may consist in an acknowledgement of the breach, an expression of regret, a formal apology or another appropriate modality. 3. Satisfaction shall not be out of proportion to the injury and may not take a form humiliating to the responsible State.
Article 38 Interest 1. Interest on any principal sum due under this chapter shall be payable when necessary in order to ensure full reparation. The interest rate and mode of calculation shall be set so as to achieve that result. 2. Interest runs from the date when the principal sum should have been paid until the date the obligation to pay is fulfilled.
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001 1. The Responsible State: United States of America (USA) 2. Organ of the USA: United States Federal Corporation 3. Organ of the USA: State of Texas 4. Organ of the USA: City of Houston 5. Organ of the USA: County of Harris 6. Organ of the USA: Woodlands Township 7. Organ of the USA: executive, legislative, and judicial officials (i.e., all elected, appointed officials, & employees)
CHAPTER XI DECLARATION REGARDING NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES Article 73 Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the ut most, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end: a. to ensure, with due respect for the cul ture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advance ment, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses; b. to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying i stages of advancement;
Act of Algeciras of 1906 ART. 65. The conference adheres to the proposition proposed by the Moorish delegation to create with the assistance of the Diplomatic Body: (a) A stamp tax on contracts and notarial acts brought before "abdouls" (b) A maximum transfer tax of 2 percent on sales of real estate.
Signatory Powers of Third States parties to the multilateral Act of Algeciras of 1906 per intertemporal Law
1. United States of America 2. France 3. Great Britain 4. Germany 5. Netherlands 6. Belgium 7. All the Russia’s (15 States) 8. Austria-Hungary 9. Sweden 10. Italy 11. Portugal 12. Spain General Act of Algeciras - Wikisource, the free online library
In 2024, there were approximately 4 million existing home transactions and about 683,000 new homes sold in the United States.
Median Selling Price of Existing Homes. The median price of existing homes in the United States is curently $415,200, reflecting a 2.1% increase from the previous year.
The multilateral Act of Algeciras of 1906, Article 65, Section (b) expressed and implied treaty language as follows: • 4,000,000 transactions of “existing home” sales in 2024. • The average home sold was $415,200 in the United States. • $415,200 x 2% = $8,304 (owed to the Empire of Morocco) • $415,200 x 4,000,000 = $1,660,800,000,000 (1.7 Trillion) • 2% x $1,660,800,000,000 = $33,216,000,000 (33.2 Billion) • $33,216,000,000 (Payable to the EOM in Taxes Annually) • Existing Home Real Estate Sales = $33.2 (Billion Annually) • New Home Real Estate Sales = $? (Annually) • Commercial Bldg. Real Estate Sales = $?? (Annually) • Land Real Estate Sales = $??? (Annually)
Thumbnail is attached as a PDF. Please name Class 176 Decolonization, Reparations, & Taxation in the Empire of Morocco 1. | |
AMPAC Study Session 177: Study Board
Common Sense Mathematical Equation: X x Y = Z 2 x 2 = 4 Procrastination x Naturalization = Subjugation Repatriation x a nation = Decolonization Restoration x Administration = Taxation Territory x Inventory = Depository Cognitive Dissonance x Foolishness = Acquiescence i.e., Stop Blaming White People
RIGHT OF PROTECTION IN MOROCCO-JULY 3, 1880 ART. 15 Any subject of Morocco who has been naturalized in a foreign country, and who shall return to Morocco, shall after having remained for a length of time equal to that which shall have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization, choose between entire submission to the laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless it shall be proved that his naturalization in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the Government of Morocco.
Inspired by the interest attaching itself to the reign of order, peace, and prosperity in Morocco, and recognizing that the attainment thereof can only be effected by means of the introduction of reforms based upon the triple principle of the sovereignty and independence of His Majesty the Sultan, the integrity of his domains, and economic liberty without any inequality, have resolved, upon the invitation of His Shereefian Majesty, to call together a conference at Algeciras for the purpose of arriving at an understanding upon the said reforms, as well as examining the means for obtaining the resources necessary for their application, and have appointed as their delegates plenipotentiary the following:
STATE, n. A people permanently occupying a fixed territory bound together by common-law habits and custom into one body politic exercising, through the medium of an organized government, independent sovereignty and control over all persons and things within its boundaries, capable of making war and peace and of entering into international relations with other communities of the globe.
Western Sahara OVERVIEW OF THE CASE On 13 December 1974, the General Assembly requested an advisory opinion on the following questions : “I. Was Western Sahara (Rio de Oro and Sakiet El Hamra) at the time of colonization by Spain a territory belonging to no one (terra nullius) ?” If the answer to the first question is in the negative, “II. What were the legal ties between this territory and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity ?” In its Advisory Opinion, delivered on 16 October 1975, the Court replied to Question I in the negative. In reply to Question II, it expressed the opinion that the materials and information presented to it showed the existence, at the time of Spanish colonization, of legal ties of allegiance between the Sultan of Morocco and some of the tribes living in the territory of Western Sahara. They equally showed the existence of rights, including some rights relating to the land, which constituted legal ties between the Mauritanian entity, as understood by the Court, and the territory of Western Sahara. On the other hand, the Court’s conclusion was that the materials and information presented to it did not establish any tie of territorial sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian entity. Thus the Court did not find any legal ties of such a nature as might affect the application of the General Assembly’s 1960 resolution 1514 (XV) — containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples — in the decolonization of Western Sahara and, in particular, of the principle of self-determination through the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the territory.
territory ter·ri·to·ry ˈter-ə-ˌtȯr-ē pluralterritories 1 a : a geographic area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority b : an administrative subdivision of a country c : a part of the U.S. not included within any state but organized with a separate legislature d : a geographic area (such as a colonial possession) dependent on an external government but having some degree of autonomy SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE DE CASTRO I have voted in favour of the Advisory Opinion because it states that there are no ties of sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity, and that the principle of self-determination should be applied to the said territory, thereby giving a correct, clear and conclusive reply to the real questions put to the Court. On the other hand, I cannot go along with the Advisory Opinion either in its statement regarding the existence of other legal ties between the territory and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity, nor in all its reasoning. In order to justify my vote, I feel obliged to set out my separate opinion below.
(a) Unbroken Relations between Morocco and the Sahara
The statements submitted to the Court by Morocco mention, as relevant historic ties, immemorial relations existing between Morocco and the Sahara, as well as a series of special facts cited as proofs of Morocco's authority over Western Sahara. The following quotation in the second part of the written statement of Morocco is italicized to indicate the importance attached to it: "this basic fact of Moroccan history, the periodic conquest of inner Morocco by outer Morocco . . . In most cases a dynasty that has come into being beyond the Atlas has conquered Atlantic Morocco. " The passage quoted is used equivocally; it seems to have been interpreted as meaning that there are two Moroccos, inner Morocco and outer Morocco, and that outer Morocco is the Sahara.
New Caledonia[nb 3] is a French territory comprising a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 220 km (140 mi) southwest of Vanuatu and 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia.[6] Located 16,100 km (10,000 mi) from Metropolitan France, it forms a sui generis collectivity of the French Republic, a legal status unique in overseas France, enshrined in a dedicated chapter of the French Constitution and with an on-going project to a status of State of New Caledonia. | |
AMPAC Study Session 178 Study BoardAMPAC STUDY SESSION 178 STUDY BOARD The inner Empire of Morocco and the outer Empire of Morocco must Self-Govern through its three branches of the Constitution of the Empire and adhere to the “general practice” of customary international Law pursuant to the Triple principle of the Act of Algeciras of 1906, the Madrid Convention of 1880 – Article 15, and the U.N. Charter Articles 73 and 74 at Varying stages of advancement or the Moors will forever be colonized and Naturalized by foreign countries in Morocco. country in northwest Africa, from Italian, from Berber Marrakesh (properly the name of the city of Marrakesh), from Arabic Maghrib-al-Aqsa "Extreme West." Compare French Maroc, German Marokko. In English, the first vowel has been altered, apparently by influence of Moor. Related: Moroccan.
Negro(n.) Meaning "African-American vernacular, the English language as spoken by U.S. blacks" is from 1704. French nègre is a 16c. borrowing from Spanish negro. Older English words were Moor and blackamoor. A Middle English word for "Ethiopian" (perhaps also "a negro" generally) was blewman "blue man." What are the 4 basic elements of a contract? 1. Who are the parties to the contract? 2. Who is superior and who is inferior in the contract? 3. What are the terms and conditions of the contract? 4. How do you enforce the contract?
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship, [28 June 1786] is the longest unbroken treaty relationship in U.S. history. The treaty's unbroken status highlights several key facts:
The term "unbroken" is significant because the United States has a complex history with treaties, particularly those with Native American nations. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, hundreds of treaties with Indigenous tribes were routinely broken by the U.S. government through seizure of land, forced removal, and failure to uphold agreed terms. This history of broken promises led to the "Trail of Broken Treaties" protest in 1972. In this context, the Moroccan treaty's endurance stands as a notable exception. Key Provisions of the 1786-1787 Treaty
The treaty is unique not only for its longevity but also because Morocco was one of the very first nations to recognize the newly independent United States in 1777, well before the treaty was even negotiated. U.S. presidents, from George Washington to Ronald Reagan, have publicly acknowledged and celebrated this special diplomatic bond. I hope this explanation is helpful. If you are interested in learning more about the specific historical context of the treaty's negotiation or its modern implications, I can provide further details. In the context of Intertemporal international law continuous treaty relations refers to an on going legal relationship under a treaty where its meaning and obligations where its meaning and obligations are subject to legal evolution over time. This concept is directly tied to a key legal principle that distinguishes between the creation of a right and its ongoing existence. The Core Legal Principle This idea is famously articulated in the 1928 Island of Pamas case which established a foundational rule in international law. 1. The “First Branch” (Creation): A treaty must be interpreted according to the law that was in forced at the time it was concluded. You judge the original act by the historical rule. 2. The “Second Branch” (Continuation): However, the continued existence and exercise of a right created by that treaty must follow the conditions required by the evolution of law over time. In similar terms, while a treaty is born under the law of its time, it lives and operates in a changing legal world. Its application can evolve. How do continuous treaty relations adapt: The treaty itself remains in force but how it is interpreted and implemented can adapt through recognized mechanisms. Mechanisms: subsequent practice, build a description, the actual consistent behavioral of the treaty party’s in applying it Roles in continuing relations that can establish an authentic agreement on how to interpret the treaty in modern context.
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Article 38 1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. Evolving Customary International Law: New rules of customary law that developed and are accepted by the international community can fill gaps in the treaty on how its general terms are understood today. A related modern concept is the living instrument doctrine which holds that some treaty’s like human rights or environmental conventions are designed to be interpreted in light of present-day conditions and values making it there continuous relations inherently dynamic. Applying the concept to U.S – Moroccan Treaty When the U.S says its 1787 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Morocco is “unbroken” it is stating a historical fact of continuity- neither party has terminated it. Intertemporal law adds that legal dimension of evolution to this continuing for example the treaty’s core obligation of the Peace and Friendship remains binding, however specific applications like what constitutes legal trade, navigations rights, or dispute resolution are understood and implemented according to the modern framework of international law and diplomacy not Soley by 18th century standards. In short continuous treaty relations means the legal bond persists but is practical life is governed by an evolving legal order the treaty’s skeleton is old but its living tissue is contemporary.
Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States December 26, 1933
ARTICLE 1 The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.
Question: Have the Moors (i.e. the Moorish subjects) been in the “general practice” of international norms regarding the observation and application of customary relations between Sovereign States or colonial administrative Powers between the years 1956 to 2023?
Answer: No. The Empire of Morocco as a colonized sovereign and independent State, the Moroccan people, and its Moroccan government was not in conformity with the “general practice” of international law norms from 1956 to 2023; a total of 67 years, which prohibited the naturalized [Moorish subjects] from being able to invoke their human rights, State rights, treaty rights, and consular relations or diplomatic relations as Moroccan nationals - because the naturalized [Moorish subjects] failed to recognize the application of the treaty obligations of Madrid, Article 15, the mechanisms of Article 73 of the UN Charter – and the practice of self governance through the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Moorish State Government of the Empire of Morocco. However, from 2024 to Present day - the Declaration of Independence and the reconvening of the Moroccan Moorish Government of the Empire of Morocco have set into motion the “general practice” of customary norms as recognized by our varying stages of advancement of decolonization under Article 15 of the Madrid Convention, the EOM Constitution, Article 73 of the UN Charter, and UN Resolution 1514 etc.
For example, see the “general practice” of norms per the Treaty of Montevideo 1933:
ARTICLE 1 The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) State, (b) a permanent population, (c) a defined territory, (d) government, and (e) capacity to enter into relations with the other States.
ARTICLE 1 – Treaty of Montevideo 1933 The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) State (emergence of the Empire of Morocco as the sovereign and independent State), (b) a permanent population (Moroccan nationals who pledged allegiance to the EOM Constitution), (c) a defined territory (inner and outer Empire of Morocco: e.g. see France unique Republic), (d) government (Moorish 3 branches of Moroccan Government & the Consular Court), (e) capacity to enter into relations with the other States (Diplomatic & Consular relations). Act of Algeciras of 1906 Inspired by the interest attaching itself to the reign of order, peace, and prosperity in Morocco, and recognizing that the attainment thereof can only be effected by means of the introduction of reforms based upon the triple principle of the sovereignty and independence of His Majesty the Sultan, the integrity of his domains, and economic liberty without any inequality, have resolved, upon the invitation of His Shereefian Majesty,to call together a conference at Algeciras for the purpose of arriving at an understanding upon the said reforms, as well as examining the means for obtaining the resources necessary for their application, and have appointed as their delegates plenipotentiary the following:
Declaration relative to the organization of the police.
ART. 2. The police shall be under the sovereign authority of His Majesty the Sultan. It shall be recruited by the Maghzen from Moorish Mohammedans, commanded by Moorish Kaids, and distributed in the eight ports open to commerce.
in the international court of justice case of the Western Sahara of 1975, what did the Kingdom of Morocco mean by the term "time immemorial"
In the 1975 International Court of Justice (ICJ) proceedings concerning Western Sahara, Morocco used the term "time immemorial" to assert that its sovereignty over the territory was continuous, ancient, and predating modern colonialism. This claim was central to its argument against Spain's colonization.
The Core of Morocco's Argument In its legal submission, Morocco asked the ICJ to confirm that Western Sahara was terra nullius (land belonging to no one) at the time of Spanish colonization in 1884. Instead, it argued that the territory was under Moroccan sovereignty and had "always" been linked to the Kingdom through historical ties of allegiance between the Sultan and the Saharan tribes.
The ICJ's Advisory Opinion and Its Findings The Court's ruling, delivered on October 16, 1975, did not accept Morocco's core claim.
The Phrase in Contemporary Diplomacy Despite the ICJ's findings, Moroccan officials continue to use the phrase "since time immemorial" in diplomatic discourse to reinforce the historical legitimacy of their claim. This usage is part of a broader narrative of territorial integrity and pre-colonial nationhood.
In essence, Morocco used "time immemorial" to argue for ancient and uninterrupted sovereignty based on tribal allegiances. The ICJ recognized those historical links but distinguished them from territorial sovereignty, which it found did not exist. The disconnect between this historical argument and the requirements of international law is at the heart of the ongoing dispute. RIGHT OF PROTECTION IN MOROCCO-JULY 3, 1880 ART. 15 Any subject of Morocco who has been naturalized in a foreign country, and who shall return to Morocco, shall after having remained for a length of time equal to that which shall have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization, choose between entire submission to the laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless it shall be proved that his naturalization in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the Government of Morocco.
Foreign naturalization heretofore acquired by subjects of Morocco according to the rules established by the laws of each country, shall be continued to them as regards all its effects, without any restriction. | ||||||||||||||||
AMPAC Study Session 179: Study BoardAMPAC Study Session 179: Study Board The Bled Siba was in the power of local chiefs or sheikhs, either fighting or allied among themselves, so that relations with the Makhzen were always liable to change according to whether the Sultan's forces were approaching or whether he needed aid in his internal quarrels. The zone of the Souss was in that irregular condition, which was still further complicated by the fact that the almost independent principalities more or less eluded the Sultan's independent authority. The cartographers knew the coastal zone well, but had to take its variations into account. That explains why in the maps of Morocco, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, Morocco's frontier is placed at Cape Noun, to the south of the Noun, to the north of Cape Noun, on the Messa river, at Cape Agulon, at Cape Juby and on the Wad Dra'a, bounded by the region of the independent Moors and by the Kingdom or State of Sidi Hisham and the Wad Noun. On the subject of those principalities, we are told that "Tazeroualt corresponds to the State of Sidi Hisham; . . . [it] includes the township of Iligh and the tomb (Kouba) of Sidi Ahmad-ou-Moussa" (H. de Castries, "Notice sur la région de l'oued Draa", Bulletin de la société de géographie, 1880, Vol. XX, p. 500). The country of the Wad Noun (to the south of Tazeroualt) is also called, after the name of the founder of the dynasty, the State of Abid-Allah-Ou-Salem; the representatives thereof in 1880 were the Beyrouk brothers. "Tazeroualt and the Wad Noun in reality never came under Morocco. However, according to the author of Roud-el-Kartas, the Almohad sovereign Abdel Moumen (1 159) extended his authority over that land." (Castries, op. cit., p. 501 .) It is also to be noted that towards 1765 the greater part of the Tekna confederation, which was established at the mouth of the Dra'a, freed itself of Moroccan control'. The Moroccan Tekna are not to be confused with the free Tekna of the Sahara 2. The political situation of the zone is still further complicated by the fact that the chiefs of the zone extended or claimed to have authority over the zone of Tarfaya. Thus Beyrouk made agreements with Mackenzie concerning the establishment of the trading-station at Cape Juby, as an independent authority, and he also tried to urge the European Powers to build a harbour in the region, against the interests and despite the opposition of the Sultan. Nevertheless there was a time, when the differences between the Beyrouks and the Moroccans came to an end, when Beyrouk received from the Sultan an appointment as caid; but, for that very reason, Beyrouk found his authority over the Tekna tribes disappearing (Trout, Morocco's Saharan Frontiers, Geneva, 1969, p. 151). The advance of the French armies changed everything (F. de la Chapelle, "Esquisse d'une histoire du Sahara occidental", Hespéris, XI, fascs. 1-2,1930, p. 90). But, as Miège said in his essay on Morocco, it is to the French forces that Morocco owes the pacification of the unsubjugated zones. "For the first time, the whole of the country came under the same central power. The immediate consequence was the development of a national self-awareness." (Miège, Le Maroc, Paris, 1950, p. 43.) This peculiarity of the Bled Siba affords the explanation and justification of the so-called shipwreck clause for the Souss region '. The origin may be found in the Treaty of Peace and Commerce between the Sultan of Morocco and the King of Spain of 28 May 1767. Later this became a customary clause in the Treaties between Morocco and European Powers. The fact is that the idea that sovereignty implied responsibility for unlawful acts of a sovereign's subjects was well known to Morocco. In order to affirm the concept of Morocco as sovereign in al1 regions claimed as belonging to it, Moulay Hassan decided, in order that doubt should not be thrown on his authority over those territories, to entertain the requests for indemnity submitted to him, thus exacerbating, as Miège observes, the bleeding of the Moroccan Treasury (Le Maroc et l'Europe, III, p. 357; IV, p. 417). A further consequence of this curious situation of the Bled Siba is that the Moroccan authorities were unable to pinpoint the southern frontier of the Moroccan Empire. The repeated enquiries of European Powers as to the boundaries of Morocco received no precise reply. At best, the old aspirations to empire were invoked (Miège, op. cit., III, pp. 305-306). Sultan El-Hassan Ben Muhammad was to reply to the pressing Spanish enquiries that the frontiers of the territory over which his sovereignty was exercised were: "Egypt on one side, the Soudan on another, and Maghnia on the other" (documents submitted by the Kingdom of Morocco, Nos. 9A, 11 and 12). in·dem·nity noun verb noun State continuity refers to the legal principle that a state retains its identity and obligations under international law despite changes in its government, territory, or population. Key Aspects of State Continuity State succession refers to the replacement of one state by another in the responsibility for the international relations of a territory, often occurring during events like decolonization, dissolution, or unification. Types of State Succession
Deepseek Did the Kingdom of Morocco deposit its Accessions to the bilateral treaty of Peace and Friendship with the United States of America with the United Nations Secretariate in 1956 or 1957? According to the available information, there is **no record of Morocco depositing the 1786 Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the UN in 1956 or 1957**. The search results do not mention a formal UN deposit for this specific treaty, which is consistent with the fact that the agreement predates the UN's creation by over 150 years. ### 📜 Timeline of Treaty Status (1956) This U.S. action was a major adjustment of the treaty relationship following Morocco's independence, effectively terminating certain outdated, non-reciprocal provisions. Deepseek Did the Kingdom of Morocco deposit its Accessions to the multilateral Act of Algeciras with the United Nations Secretariate in 1956 or 1957? Based on the available historical records, there is **no evidence** that the Kingdom of Morocco formally deposited "accessions" to the Act of Algeciras with the United Nations Secretariat in 1956 or 1957 upon regaining independence. The search results do not contain any specific record or mention of such a deposit. The historical circumstances and actions taken by other nations suggest Morocco likely viewed the treaty's core functions as obsolete upon independence. ### 📜 The Status of the Act of Algeciras After Independence Instead of "re-accessing" the old treaty, the newly independent Kingdom of Morocco and other signatory states focused on **terminating its most significant provisions**, effectively dismantling the colonial-era framework. The key developments are summarized below: | Date | Event | Key Action Regarding the Act of Algeciras | image.png
room_for_state_continuity_in_international_law_a_constitutionalist_perspective.pdf | |
AMPAC Study Session Board: 172AMPAC Study Session Board: 172
Treaties & the Customary norms of International Law is the Supreme law of the Land, air, and water. The acronym is (L.A.W.) White supremacy is an ideology created by the capitalist society of the rich & wealthy “Free White Persons.” Capitalist want to control the laws, courts, economics, & social affairs of the world. However, the capitalist are aware that the Moroccan Treaties of the Empire of Morocco Cleary States that the Sultan & the Moorish Government is entitled to a percentage of the Great Enterprise & its wealth.
Subject – The term "Subject" refers to an individual who was under the authority of a monarch or sovereign, often without the same rights as a "citizen". Citizens are members of the state with rights and responsibilities, such as the right to vote and participate in government.
Human Beings are Not Crayons Referring to people as crayon colors is an Act of Racism. Racism allows the crayon color “white” to have privileges over the crayon color “black.” The [crayon caste system] allows lawmakers to subordinate naturalized black-a-Moors. The Moors have been “blackened” by the [white supremacist party], to keep the Moors from knowing their identity as Moroccans in Morocco.
FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. II. CH. 3. 1790. CHAP. III. An Act to establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any alien, being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof, on application to any common law court of record, in any one of the states wherein he shall have resided for the term of one year at least, and making proof to the satisfaction of such court, that he is a person of good character, and taking the oath or affirmation prescribed by law, to 'support the constitution of the United States, which oath or affirmation such court shall administer; and the clerk of such court shall record such application, and the proceedings thereon; and thereupon such person shall be considered as a citizen of the United States. And the children of such persons so naturalized, dwelling within the United States, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of such naturalization, shall also be considered as citizens of the United States. And the children of citizens of the United States, that maybe born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States: Provided also, That no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the state in which such person was proscribed, APPROVED, March 26, 1790.
Intertemporal law refers to the legal principles that govern the applicability of laws over time. It regulates conflicts of laws relating to time, determining which law is applicable at which time, especially in cases that occurred before a law's creation or entry into force. In international law, it accounts for changes that have taken place since a treaty was formulated, ensuring that legal facts are assessed based on the law in effect at the time they were created. This doctrine is crucial for understanding how legal norms apply to past events, particularly when legal rules have changed significantly
Question: What is the purpose and intent of the supremacy clause or supreme law and procedure? Answer: The Supremacy Clause or supreme law supersedes, overrules, or preempts inferior laws and inferior procedures.
Supremacy Clause Article 6, Clause 2, as follows: This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
Ace High Royal Flush (Same-Suit) 1. Moroccan Empire of Morocco Constitution 2024 (Ace) 2. Moroccan Act of Algeciras 1906 - (King) 3. Moroccan Madrid Convention 1880 - (Queen) 4. Moroccan Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1836 - (Jack) 5. Moroccan Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1786 - (Ten)
King James Version (1611) The Capitalist society of white supremacists is attempting to control the World through the “words” of Heaven and Earth, which allows the continued subjugation of the black-a-moors. Genesis 1, 1. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. Genesis 1, John 1. 1. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
White supremacy is attested from 1868 [John H. Van Evrie, M.D., "White Supremacy and Negro Subordination," New York, 1868]. White-chauvinism is by 1946. White flight of caucasians out of inner-city areas is attested by 1966, American English. White privilege, "preferential treatment of caucasians" is from 1960, originally in South African contexts, although there is an isolated American use from 1928.
The Doctrine of Discovery and Terra Nullius The Doctrine of Discovery was the principle used by European colonizers starting in the 15th century to stake a claim to lands beyond the European continent. The doctrine gave them the right to claim land that was deemed vacant for their nation. Land was considered terra nullius (vacant land) if it had not yet been occupied by Christians. Such vacant lands could be defined as “discovered” and, as a result, sovereignty, title, and jurisdiction could be claimed. In doing so, the Doctrine of Discovery invalidated the sovereignty of Indigenous nations and gave Christians the right to subjugate and confiscate the lands of Indigenous Peoples.
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AMPAC Study Session Board: 173AMPAC Study Session 173 Study Board
ART. 65 of the Constitution of the Empire of Morocco is the Supremacy Clause between two sovereign States, regarding Treaties & International Law. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Art. 6 of the Constitution of the United States of 1871 and the Constitution of the U.S.A. Supremacy Clause between two Sovereign States, regarding Treaties & International Law. Capitalist White Supremacist are having an anxiety attack because the Moors are the Regulators of the Treaties.
The Constitution of the Empire of Morocco ARTICLE 2. 1. Moroccan shall be the nationality of the Moor. PREAMBLE
We the Moroccan nationals solemnly proclaim our attachment to the peremptory rights of the Moroccan territories throughout the Empire of Morocco. We, the Moorish people of the land, declare our self-determination and the complete emergence of our sovereign and independent Moorish Empire. Recalling that the Empire State of Morocco recognized the European States by treaty relations, and in like manner, the European States recognized themselves as being States of the Sultan of Morocco. We the Moors vow to take our place among the affairs of modern States in harmony with the general rule of international law. Convinced that the Moorish State Government has always been inspired by the interest attaching itself to the reign of order, peace, and prosperity in Morocco. We pledge our allegiance and provincial States to come under the original jurisdiction of this modern Moorish Constitution as an international Act, to govern our ancient lands as one people; and one State. We declare that the territorial and personal jurisdiction of the Moors shall be protected, in good faith, by the provisions of Moroccan treaties, laws, and regulations while cohabitating peacefully with other foreign States. We recognize that the attainment thereof can only be effected by the introduction of reforms based upon the triple principle of the sovereign independence of His Majesty the Sultan, the integrity of his domains, and economic liberty without any inequality, as enshrined in the International Conference of the 1906 General Act of Algeciras. Moreover, His Shereefian Majesty and the Moorish State Government herein reclaim the uti possidetis territorial land, air, and sea rights as erga omnes obligations throughout the Moorish Empire. We shall enjoy an autonomous political jurisdiction with a governmental institution founded by a democratic form of liberty, equality, and just protections for our economic and social development henceforth. For these reasons, we the indigenous Moroccans of the furthest west of the Maghreb Empire hereby recognize the full Powers of His Majesty the Sultan, and in like manner, His Majesty the Sultan recognizes the Moroccan nationality of the Moors and reinstates the administration of the Moorish Government, and the competent Consular Court judges, throughout the Empire of Morocco. May the sovereign authority of the Moorish Government intervene against bad actors, and help bring economic, social, and police protections for all people in need. May the fez and beret of the Moors symbolize a trusted partnership for the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Whereas the Moors may be humanity's last hope of peace.
· Search 'Negro' on etymonline · Article II, Section 3 · · Article VI · All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. · This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. · The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. · · Is treaty law considered to be federal law pursuant to article 6 clause 2 of the united states constitution · Treaty Law and Federal Law in the U.S. Constitution · Overview · · Does federal treaties preempt federal, state, or local laws? · Preemption of Laws by Federal Treaties · · Federal Law Preemption · Summary · · are Moorish subjects considered protected persons under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United states constitution? · · Moorish Subjects and the Fourteenth Amendment · · · Moroccan nationality obsolete and without effect. · A U.S. note of Mar. 17, 1959, addressed to the Moroccan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, referred to a note from ,the Ministry dated Oct. 8, 1958, in which the Embassy had been informed that the Moroccan Government had decided to strike all prescriptions relating to Moroccan nationality from the text of the Madrid convention. The·U.S. note said, in part: "The Government of the United States of America, having unilaterally relinquished certain rights in Morocco with the reemergence of Morocco into independence in 1956, considers that in line with historical developments Article XV of the Madrid Convention on Protection of 1880 has become obsolete and without effect. "The Government of the United States takes due cognizance, therefore, of the action taken by the Moroccan Government as set forth in its above cited Note, which the United States Government understands to refer only to Article XV of the Madrid Convention on Protection of 1880.
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AMPAC Study Session Board: 174AMPAC Study Session Board: 174 United Nations Charter, Chapter XI:
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AMPAC Study Session Board: Study Session (165)
modus operandi, in criminology, distinct pattern or manner of working that comes to be associated with a particular criminal.
“The Southern opinion upon the subject of Southern slavery,” trumpeted one Georgia newspaper, “is now the supreme law of the land,” and opposition to it is “morally treason against the Government.” The view that Southern ideologues such as John C. Calhoun had promoted for more than a decade—that the federal government had a positive, indeed a constitutional, obligation to defend slavery.
Not surprisingly, the North exploded in denunciations of Taney’s opinion. Several sober appraisals in the Northern press decimated the chief justice’s tortured legal reasoning. The Republican editor Horace Greeley published Justice Curtis’s dissent as a pamphlet to be used in the elections of 1858 and 1860. The press and pulpit echoed with attacks on the decision that were as heated as Southern defenses of it. Taney’s hopes of settling the issue lay smashed. If anything, Scott v. Sandford inflamed passions and brought the Union even closer to dissolving.
For all practical purposes, Northern courts and politicians rejected Scott v. Sandford as binding. In an advisory opinion, Maine’s high court declared that African Americans could vote in both state and federal elections. The Ohio Supreme Court ruled that any slave coming into the state with his master’s consent, even as a sojourner, became free and could not be reenslaved upon returning to a slave state; the New York Court of Appeals handed down a similar ruling in Lemmon v. The People (1860). In several states, legislatures resolved to prohibit slavery in any form from crossing onto their soil and enacted legislation freeing slaves passing within their borders.
Taney is remembered now almost solely for the blatantly pro-slavery decision he wrote and for his demeaning comments about African Americans. When he died in 1864, he was roundly denounced and vilified in the North. Republican Sen. Charles Sumner of Massachusetts predicted that “the name of Taney is to be hooted down the page of history.” Whatever else he may have done, his name will always be linked with that of a slave who wanted nothing more than his freedom.
Dred Scott did, in fact, get his freedom, but not through the courts. After he and his wife were later bought by the Blow family (who had sold Scott to Emerson in the first place), they were freed in 1857. Scott died of tuberculosis in St. Louis the following year. Harriet Scott lived until June 1876, long enough to see the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) abolish slavery in the United States.
Missouri Compromise, (1820), in U.S. history, measure worked out between the North and the South and passed by the U.S. Congress that allowed for admission of Missouri as the 24th state (1821). It marked the beginning of the prolonged sectional conflict over the extension of slavery that led to the American Civil War.
The territory of Missouri first applied for statehood in 1817, and by early 1819 Congress was considering enabling legislation that would authorize Missouri to frame a state constitution. When Rep. James Tallmadge of New York attempted to add an antislavery amendment to that legislation on February 13, 1819, however, there ensued an ugly and rancorous debate over slavery and the government’s right to restrict slavery. The Tallmadge amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provided for emancipation of those already there when they reached age 25. The amendment passed the House of Representatives, controlled by the more-populous North, but failed in the Senate, which was equally divided between free and slave states. Congress adjourned without resolving the Missouri question.
The following summer a considerable body of public opinion in the North was rallied in support of the Tallmadge proposal. Much of that anti-Missouri sentiment, as it was called, arose from a genuine conviction that slavery was morally wrong. Political expediency was mixed with moral convictions. Many of the leading anti-Missouri men had been active in the Federalist party, which seemed to be in the process of disintegration; it was charged that they were seeking an issue on which to rebuild their party. The Federalist leadership of the anti-Missouri group caused some northern Democrats to reconsider their support of the Tallmadge amendment and to favour a compromise that would thwart efforts to revive the Federalist party.
When it reconvened in December 1819, Congress was faced with a request for statehood from Maine. At the time, there were 22 states, half of them free states and half of them slave states. The Senate passed a bill allowing Maine to enter the Union as a free state and Missouri to be admitted without restrictions on slavery. Sen. Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois then added an amendment that allowed Missouri to become a slave state but banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′. Henry Clay then skillfully led the forces of compromise, engineering separate votes on the controversial measures. On March 3, 1820, the decisive votes in the House admitted Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state, and made free soil all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border.
When the Missouri constitutional convention empowered the state legislature to exclude free blacks and mulattoes, however, a new crisis was brought on. Enough northern congressmen objected to the racial provision that Clay was called upon to formulate the Second Missouri Compromise. On March 2, 1821, Congress stipulated that Missouri could not gain admission to the Union until it agreed that the exclusionary clause would never be interpreted in such a way as to abridge the privileges and immunities of U.S. citizens. Missouri so agreed and became the 24th state on August 10, 1821; Maine had been admitted the previous year on March 15.
Although slavery had been a divisive issue in the United States for decades, never before had sectional antagonism been so overt and threatening as it was in the Missouri crisis. Thomas Jefferson described the fear it evoked as “like a firebell in the night.” Although the compromise measures appeared to settle the slavery-extension issue, John Quincy Adams noted in his diary, “Take it for granted that the present is a mere preamble—a title page to a great, tragic volume.” Sectional conflict would grow to the point of civil war after the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott decision of 1857..
Article 6.
If any Moor shall bring Citizens of the United States or their Effects to His Majesty, the Citizens shall immediately be set at Liberty & the Effects restored & in like Manner, if any Moor not a Subject of these Dominions, shall make Prize of any of the Citizens of America or their Effects, & bring them into any of the Ports of His Majesty, they shall be immediately released as they will then be considered as under His Majesty’s Protection.
5. When the Constitution was adopted, they were not regarded in any of the States as members of the community which constituted the State, and were nut numbered among its “people or citizen.” Consequently, the special rights and immunities guarantied to citizens do not apply to them. And not being “citizens” within the meaning of the Constitution, they are not entitled to sue in that character in a court of the United States, and the Circuit Court has not jurisdiction in such a suit..
APPENDIX. [From the New York Day-Book, Nov. 10,1857.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE PROGNATHOUS SPECIES OF MANKIND. BY DR. SAMUEL A. CARTWRIGHT, OF NEW ORLEANS.
Samuel Adolphus Cartwright (November 3, 1793 – May 2, 1863) was an American physician who practiced in Mississippi and Louisiana in the Antebellum era United States. Cartwright is best known as the inventor of the 'mental illness' of Drapetomania—the desire of a slave for freedom...
When all, or a greater part of the face is thrown anterior to the line, the negro approximates the monkey anatomically more than he does the true Caucasian; and when little or none of the face is anterior to the line, he approximates that mythical being of Dr. Van Evrie, a black white man, and almost ceases to be a negro The black man occasionally seen in Africa, called the Bature Dudu, with high nose, thin lips, and long straight hair, is not a negro at all, but a Moor tanned by the climate...
the United States for having officiously destroyed the value of negro property in Africa by breaking up the only trade that ever protected the native Africans against the butcheries, cruelties and oppressions of their mulatto, Moorish and Mahommedan tyrants It is these butcheries and cruelties, and the little care taken of the black man in Africa, the last fifty years, since he became valueless through British and American philanthropy, that lie at the root of the depopulating process which is going on in the dark land of the Niger..
Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Sultan of Morocco and Fez, being desirous to maintain and strengthen the relations of friendship which have long subsisted between their respective dominions and subjects, have resolved to proceed to a revision and improvement of the Treaties subsisting between the respective countries, and have for that purpose named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:.
XU. All British subjects, whether Mahometans, Jews, or Christians, shall alike enjoy all the rights and privileges granted by the present Treaty and the Convention of Commerce and Navigation which has also been concluded this day, or which shall at any time be granted to the most favoured nation.
XIV. In all criminal cases, differences, disputes, or other causes of litigation arising between British subjects and the subjects or citizens of other foreign nations, no Governor, Kadi, or other Moorish authority shall have a right to interfere, unless a Moorish subject may have received thereby any injury to his pe or property, in which case the Moorish authority, or one of a aco shall have a right to be present at the tribunal of the consul.
Such cases shall be decided solely in the tribunals of the foreign Consuls, without the interference of the Moorish Government, according to the established usages which have hitherto been acted upon or may hereafter be arranged between such Consuls.
XVI. No British subject professing the Mahometan faith, or who may have professed the Mahometan religion, shall be considered as having in any manner lost, or as being by reason thereof in any degree less entitled to, the rights and privileges, or the full protection, enjoyed by British subjects who are Christians; but all British subjects, whatever their religion may be, shall enjoy all the rights and privileges secured by the present Treaty to British subjects, without any distinction or difference.
XIX. The present if shall apply generally to all the dominions of Her Britannic Majesty, and to all subjects who are under her obedience, and all those who inhabit any town or place. which is considered part of her kingdom, as also to all her subjects in Gibraltar and its inhabitants, and likewise to the inhabitants of the United States of the Ionian Islands which are under her protection; and all those who are called or described as English, shall be considered as British subjects, without any distinction between those born in and those born out of Great Britain: And if the Queen of Great Britain should hereafter possess a town or a country which, either by conquest or by Treaty, shall enter under her authority, all its people and inhabitants shall be considered as British subjects, even if only for the first time subjected to Great Britain.
XX. The subjects of the Queen of Great Britain, and those who are under her government or protection, shall have the full benefit of the privileges and of the particular favours granted by this Treaty, and which may be allowed to the subjects of other nations that are at war with Great Britain; and if, after this date, any other privileges shall be granted to any other Power, the same shall be extended and apply to, and in favour of, all British subjects in every respect, as to the subjects of such other Power.
RIGHT OF PROTECTION IN MOROCCO Convention signed at Madrid July 3,1880
Having recognized the necessity of establishing, on fixed and uniform bases, the exercise of the right of protection in Morocco, and, of settling certain questions connected therewith,
ARTICLE l' The conditions under which protection may be conceded are those established in the British and Spanish treaties with the Government of Morocco, and in the convention made between that Government, France and other powers in 1863, with the modification introduced by the present convention.. A U.S. note of Feb. 13, 1914, addressed to the French Ambassador at Washington, stated in part: "The provisions of the convention of 1863 appear to be substantially the same as the 'regulations relative to protection adopted by common consent by the Legation of France and the Government of Morocco, August 19, 1963,' reprinted in 'Treaties in Force, 1904,' at the end of the Madrid convention.... The British and Spanish treaties mentioned in Article I of the Madrid convention are presumably the general treaty of December 9, 1856, between Great Britain and Morocco, and the treaty of commerce and navigation of November 20, 1861, between Spain and Morocco." (1914 For. ReI. 909.) For background, see II Hackworth554. For text of the 1863 regulations, see p. 78; for the general treaty of Dec. 9, 1856, between Great Britain and Morocco, see British and Foreign State Papers, vol. 46, p. 176; for the' treaty of commerce and navigation of Nov. 20, 1861, between Spain and Morocco, see Ibid., vol. 53, p. 1089.
ART. 15 Any subject of Morocco who has been naturalized in a foreign country, and who shall return to Morocco, shall after having remained for a length of time equal to that which shall have been regularly necessary for him to obtain such naturalization, choose between entire submission to the laws of the Empire and the obligation to quit Morocco, unless it shall be proved that his naturalization in a foreign country was obtained with the consent of the Government of Morocco.
Foreign naturalization heretofore acquired by subjects of Morocco according to the rules established by the laws of each country shall be continued to them as regards all its effects without any restriction.
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